Refine your search
Collections
Journals
Year
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Shankar, Vicky
- Defining the ‘Urban Critical Zone’ for Global Sustainable Development
Abstract Views :55 |
PDF Views:44
Authors
Arkaprabha Sarkar
1,
Vicky Shankar
1,
Vimal Singh
1,
Iain Stewart
2,
Shashank Shekhar
1,
Vinayak Sinha
3
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Center of Advanced Studies, Chhatra Marg, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN
2 Royal Scientific Society, Amman 11941, Jordan, IN
3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140 306, IN
1 Department of Geology, Center of Advanced Studies, Chhatra Marg, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, IN
2 Royal Scientific Society, Amman 11941, Jordan, IN
3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli PO 140 306, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 125, No 8 (2023), Pagination: 824-830Abstract
With urbanization, cities are becoming new landscapes, significantly altering the properties, processes and pathways of previous natural environments. The natural critical zones that have existed for millennia are rapidly getting modified by the superimposition of the urban components to give rise to a new critical zone system, viz. the urban critical zone. The clogging and bypassing of the natural process pathways and the increasing demands of urban populations for ecosystem services put the native critical zone and the adjoining zones under stress. To elucidate this point, we present a case study on Delhi, the capital city of India, to demonstrate how the urban critical zone is unsustainable. We exemplify the increasing demand and supply gap of basic ecosystem services, such as clean air and water, that are essential to sustain life. In doing so, we redefine the limits of the critical zone in urban areas, recognizing that significant parts of cities are beyond the presently defined critical zone.Keywords
Ecosystem Services, Natural Environments, Planetary Boundary Layer, Sustainable Development, Urban Critical Zone.Full Text
References
- McPhearson, T. et al., A vision for resilient urban futures. Resilient Urban Futures, Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2021, p. 173.
- Steffen, W. et al., Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet under Pressure, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, 2006.
- National Research Council, Basic research opportunities in earth science. National Academies Press, Washington, 2011.
- White, T., Special focus: the US Critical Zone Observatories. International Innovation August, 2012, pp. 108–127.
- Fisher, M., Investigating the earth’s critical zone. CSA News Mag., 2012, 1–30.
- Brantley, S. L., McDowell, W. H., Dietrich, W. E., White, T. S., Kumar, P., Anderson, S. P. and Grant, G., Designing a network of critical zone observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth. Earth Surf. Dyn., 2017, 5, 841–860; https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-841-2017.
- Brantley, S. L., Goldhaber, M. B. and Ragnarsdottir, K. V., Crossing disciplines and scales to understand the critical zone. Elements, 2007, 3(5), 307–314; https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.3.5.307.
- Manikandan, N., Das, D. K., Mukherjee, J., Sehgal, V. K. and Krishnan, P., Extreme temperature and rainfall events in National Capital Region of India (New Delhi) in the recent decades and its possible impacts. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 2019, 137(3), 1703–1713; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2652-9.
- Sarkar, A., Ali, S., Kumar, S., Shekhar, S. and Rao, S. V. N., Groundwater environment in Delhi, India. In Groundwater Environment in Asian Cities, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 2016, pp. 77–108.
- Economic Survey of Delhi, 2019–2020; http://delhiplanning.nic.in/content/economic-survey-delhi-2019-20 (accessed on 26 November 2020).
- CGWB, Ground Water Year Book, 2017-2018, National Capital Territory, Delhi, Central Ground Water Board, New Delhi, 2018.
- Chandler, T. J., The Climate of London, Hutchinson, 1965, p. 292.
- Mohan, M., Kikegawa, Y., Gurjar, B. R., Bhati, S. and Kolli, N. R., Assessment of urban heat island effect for different land use–land cover from micrometeorological measurements and remote sensing data for megacity Delhi. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 2013, 112(3), 647–658; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0758-z.
- Krishen, P., Trees of Delhi: a field guide. Conserv. Soc., 2008, 6(1), 102.
- Turaga, J., Birds and trees in an urban context: an ecosystem paradigm for Vasant Vihar, New Delhi, India. Indian Birds, 2015, 10, 3–4.
- Singh, S., Nair, S. S. and Gupta, A. K., Ecosystem services for disaster risk reduction: a case study of wetland in East Delhi region, India. Global J. Hum. Soc. Sci., Geogr., Geo-Sci., Environ. Disaster Manage., 2013, 13(4), 1–12.
- Barry, R. G. and Chorley, R. J., Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate, Psychology Press, 2003.
- Hakkim, H. et al., Volatile organic compound measurements point to fog-induced biomass burning feedback to air quality in the megacity of Delhi. Sci. Total Environ., 2019, 689, 295–304; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.438.
- Pandey, A. et al., Health and economic impact of air pollution in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Planet. Health, 2021, 5(1), e25–e38; https://doi.org/10.1016/S25-42-5196(20)30298-9.
- Gurjar, B. R., Ravindra, K. and Nagpure, A. S., Air pollution trends over Indian megacities and their local-to-global implications. Atmos. Environ., 2016, 142, 475–495; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.030.
- Zhang, D. and Iwasaka, Y., Chlorine deposition on dust particles in marine atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2001, 28(18), 3613–3616; https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013333.
- Galloway, J. N. et al., Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry, 2004, 70(2), 153–226; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0.
- Logan, J. A., Prather, M. J., Wofsy, S. C. and McElroy, M. B., Tropospheric chemistry: a global perspective. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans, 1981, 86(C8), 7210–7254; https://doi.org/10.1029/JC086i-C08p07210.
- Bradley, K. S., Stedman, D. H. and Bishop, G. A., A global inventory of carbon monoxide emissions from motor vehicles. Chemosphere–Global Change Sci., 1999, 1(1–3), 65–72; https://doi.org/10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00017-3.
- Ghani, H. U., Mahmood, A., Ullah, A. and Gheewala, S. H., Life cycle environmental and economic performance analysis of Bagasse-based electricity in Pakistan. Sustainability, 2020, 12(24), 10594; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410594.
- Kulkarni, S. H. et al., How much does large-scale crop residue burning affect the air quality in Delhi? Environ. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54(8), 4790–4799; https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00329.
- van Stratum, B. J. H. et al., Case study of the diurnal variability of chemically active species with respect to boundary layer dynamics during DOMINO. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2012, 12, 5329–5341; doi:10.5194/acp-12-5329-2012.
- Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Delhi Statistical Handbook 2016, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, 2016, pp. 210–211; http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_des/DES/Our+Services/Statistical+Hand+Book/ (accessed on 27 March 2021).
- Beig, G. et al., Quantifying the effect of air quality control measures during the 2010 Commonwealth Games at Delhi, India. Atmos. Environ., 2013, 80, 455–463; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.012.
- Goel, R. and Guttikunda, S. K., Role of urban growth, technology, and judicial interventions on vehicle exhaust emissions in Delhi for 1991–2014 and 2014–2030 periods. Environ. Dev., 2015, 14, 6–21; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2015.03.002.
- Stull, R. B., Mean boundary layer characteristics. In An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988, pp. 1–27; https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8_1.
- UN, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World urbanization prospects: the 2018 revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420), United Nations, New York, 2019.
- Desa, U., World population prospects: the 2008 revision, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2017; URL: http://esa.un.org/unpp gelesen am 16, 2010 (accessed on 19 May 2019).